How War Transforms A Person Essay - 1083 Words

â€Å"One day you are having lunch with some guys from another unit, trading stories about home and what you’re gonna do when you get back to the world. And then the next day they’re dead† writes Afghanistan veteran and retired US Army Corporal Eric Porter. He goes on to describe how war transforms a person, â€Å"Your view of the world changes, you have seen and done things no other person in the world would understand besides you and your fellow brothers at war† (Personal Communication, October 20, 2016). With great frequency, one encounters a veteran wearing a baseball cap that says â€Å"Vietnam Veteran†. A sullen, bearded face or a bright eyed warrior with wrinkles that tell friends’ death stories— each veteran must learn to process and cope with what he has seen. Violence destroys sanity in every war, but it is not the only culprit. Each major modern American conflict had its own calling card, an individual characteristic that in itself could cause nightmares, but when coupled with violence, irreversibly alters minds. In World War I, it was the trenches, an unsanitary formidable enemy of both sides. In World War II, it was the concentration camps, bastions for sub-human treatment of those a deranged leader viewed as inferior. In Vietnam, it was the jungle, and the various problems associated with guerilla warfare in such a diverse and unforgiving habitat. In his fictional piece The Things They Carried, Vietnam Veteran Tim O’brien uses stories to illustrate the realities of war.Show MoreRelatedHobbes View Of Human Nature1495 Words   |  6 Pageshuman nature is not pessimistic. Firstly, this argument will be supported by an explanation of some of Hobbes’ theoretical assumptions, which reveal his stance on human nature. 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He focuses on perceptive writing English literature to transparent during world war II in Japan. Its presented his work through writing a short story, novelist, screenwriter and role in playwriting have been an admirer existentialism theme. In his fiction eachRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem My Words From The Village Of Chamounix : Performing Transgender Rage 1251 Words   |  6 PagesAbove the Village of Chamounix: Performing Transgender Rage†, Stryker creates an intimate linkage between Frankenstein’s monster and the transsexual body. Like Frankenstein, a transsexual person owns an â€Å"unnatural† body and an identit y defined completely by medical practice. And like Frankenstein, a transsexual person encounters countless challenges, discrimination, and hatred from normal people. 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An Interview With Personal Statement - 1139 Words

I. IDENTIFYING DATA: Name, age, sex, race, marital status, educational level, employment, referring source. James Richard is a 16 years old male, white American, single, still in high school, and living in a foster care home. He was referred by school, due to some mental challenges and the sources of information was through an interview with client. II. CHIEF COMPLAINT: In patient s words, why did patient come to treatment? I don’t even know why am sent here, am no longer staying with my grandmother and I told the lady that I will control my anger issue. So you feel the anger issues made them to send you here? Client: Yes, I was arrested for assault on a household member, because I fought with my grandmother’s husband. III. HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM: Onset, frequency, under what circumstances does it occur. Intensity variation, what are the emotional components? What are the somatic components? 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Witchcraft In Hollywood (1886 words) Essay Example For Students

Witchcraft In Hollywood (1886 words) Essay Witchcraft In HollywoodHollywood provides falsified informationIt is said by many that Hollywood is persuasive. People see something on television or in a motion picture and believe that what is shown is, in reality, true. Misconceptions will occur, and unless people are shown evidence against the delusions, it will be taken as fact. In the past, many groups have been poorly represented onscreen. Organizations such as the Mafia, the government, the military, spies, gods, monsters, and others are just a small example of those prejudiced. Since the misconceptions have occurred, much of the truth has come through for those mentioned. However, one topic that is repeatedly misrepresented in Hollywood is the practice of the Craft, more commonly known as witchcraft or Wicca according to Jeffrey Mann (personal communication, April 14, 1999). Witchcraft has been shown onscreen as evil, black magick, rather than a faith, and most people see spells cast by wiggling the nose or pointing a finger to be valid of the ?witchcraft fable (1997, Bewitched online). Is witchcraft a true, spiritual religion, and if so, are people willing to tolerate it? Many are uninformed of the religious aspect of the Craft, and those that are, believe it to be false or wrong according to Jeffrey Mann (personal communication, April 14, 1999). In todays society, religious tolerance of different groups of people or cultures is extremely important. By understanding and accepting the differences of real versus imaginary using witchcraft as the prime example, people will be able to see these groups as part of actual society and not just a fictitious, magickal portrayal in entertainment such as Bewitched, Charmed, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, and The Craft. Hollywoods portrayal of witchcraft in movies and shows is invalid. Now on reruns, the television show, Bewitched, was once very popular. Samantha and Tabitha are shown casting spells nearly every other minute of the half-hour (1997, Bewitched online). The show brought forth a revival of the knowledge of witchcraft. In history, before Christianity, Paganism was a primary religion in Europe. Witchcraft is a form of Paganism, just as Wicca, Shamanism, and others are. When the Christian religion was being formed, many Pagan beliefs were still used (1998, A witches overview of Wicca online). The Pagan tradition of Yule, the winter solstice holiday, was to bring a live tree into the house and decorate it with food, balls, and a star on top to protect the household from the evil spirits (Adler, 1997). In the past century, a man named Gerald Gardener came forth with his ancestors religious practice that has been passed down generation after generation called Paganism. He began bringing forth the Wiccan movement to modern witches according to Jeffrey Mann (p ersonal communication, April 14, 1999). Bewitched was made in the midst of the sort of ?coming out of all that was practiced. Romanticizing witchcraft started with Bewitched, and from then on, a new fetish of shows and movies had begun. The Warner Brothers Network recently aired a new hour-long show featuring three sisters who have just discovered their witchy powers (see attached graphic one of Charmed sisters). They are referred to as the ?Charmed Ones, which are the most powerful of a long line of good witches. Their mission is to protect the innocent against all evil (1999, Charmed online). The show features many distinct realities of witchcraft. The show refers to the Book of Shadows, which is a book of memoirs, spells, thoughts, and goals, which must be handwritten and personal to that witch (1998, A witches overview of Wicca). The three sisters use this book for casting spells against evil, which is the basis for entertainment on the show. Freezing time, traveling to the past or future, and evaporating monsters are just some of the sisters outlandish powers (1999, Charmed online). Religion has no part in the hour that the sisters are fighting the darkness. Witchcraft, in reality, has no ?natural witches as im plied in Charmed. Having ?power is a belief that comes from within your soul, not from genetics (Valiente, 1998). The power of spells to witches is like the power of prayers to Christians. If Charmed was based on three Christian sisters, the show would be primarily about how they pray and have immediate and obvious results according to Jenn Vinson (personal communication, April 13, 1999). Clearly, both concepts are not accurate. Praying in all religions has results personal to that worshipper, just as casting a spell is to a witch (1998, A witches overview of Wicca online). It is implied that spells are the most important part of witchcraft, which is false. Casting a spell is not necessary to be a witch; many witches are solitary and chose to practice without the use of spells (1999, Pagan Organization of MIT). Although Charmed uses many of witches tools for spells, and practice, its accuracy is severely skewed in the portrayal of the religion of Wicca, or witchcraft. Sabrina the Te enage Witch is a childrens show aired by ABC on Friday nights hotspot. A high school student, named Sabrina, uses her magick to cause more blunders than not. Although sophomoric, the show does not focus on evil, darkness, or the devil. Sabrina must keep her practice a secret; neither her boyfriend nor her best friend knows the truth (1998, A review?of the show Sabrina). Keeping her Craft a secret is the entertainment along with turning the school bully, Libby, into frogs and other animals. In reality, many that practice Wicca are secretive (Valiente, 1998). It is not because of shame, but rather that others do not understand. Nothing is meant to be harmful, however, many unforgiving people in this world condemn for a religion they know little about (Valiente, 1998). For example, it is said that witches worship the devil. This is not only ridiculous, but also wrong (Adler, 1997). Witches believe that God is everything and everywhere, just not merely a distinct entity. All Gods and Go ddesses are one God, and by calling him a different name than other religious followers do will neither make him angry or damning. Witchcraft is moral and ethical, which nearly all religions are based upon (1998, A witches overview of Wicca). Sabrina is a good student, niece, and friend who chooses a different spiritual path to follow (1998, A review?of the show Sabrina). Although Sabrina the Teenage Witch is cute and humorous, religion has little if no part in the show, unlike some more adult portrayals. .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776 , .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776 .postImageUrl , .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776 , .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776:hover , .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776:visited , .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776:active { border:0!important; } .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776:active , .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776 .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7ab16bdf5ea08a5b9e9f4eefae795776:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Harrison Bergeron EssayThe focus of evil in the motion picture, The Craft of Columbia Pictures, is the leading misconception of the film (Fleming, 1996). By far the most accurate in the portrayal of the Wiccan religion, the movie follows the beliefs of four high school girls that have discovered the Craft according to Jenn Vinson (personal interview, April 13, 1999). Using all religious tools such as the pentacle (see attached graphic two of the witches protection symbolizing earth, air, fire, water, and spirit) in their practice, the girls focus on practicing the nature religion. Experimenting with spells, reading materials, and keeping personal Book of Shadows, The Craft keeps reality in check. The four girls attend a Christian school, while not so secretly believing something else, which occurs with many young witches. Until Nancy, one of the witches turns evil, and Sarah, another witch, discovers her ?natural power, the movie is almost a perfect example of witchcraft (Fleming, 1996). By focusing on one of the girls in the circle being evil, the truth of witchcraft is altered. Darkness is the focus of the second half of the movie, scaring viewers to believe that this evil occurs in all witches. Murder and evil spells are focused upon leading the watcher to be frightful of the Craft and condemning of the religion. All religions have followers that give it a bad name. Some Christians can be found starting cults, clans, and general mayhem. Of course, these ?bad apples are not the true followers of the religion. The Crafts evil character, Nancy, can be thought of as one psycho in a good religion which is, like The Clan, a very small proportion of the believers. Questioning the true meaning of WiccaClearly, the religion of Wicca is extraordinarily twisted as portrayed in Hollywood. After seeing a movie, is a typical reaction what is witchcraft (see attached graphic three)? Or do people accept what they are shown? What can be done about this problem? There is one solution: education. Teaching people that witchcraft is not fictitious or evil will bring forth an influx of understanding according to Jeff Mann (personal communication, April 14, 1999). Some churches teach that Wicca is a devil religion that should only be regarded a cult. Realizing that religious tolerance and religious belief are two separate entities will alleviate the problem of a taboo denomination. Many believe that by viewing witchcraft as a religion, they are condoning the practice. Therefore, people look upon it as little more than magick and will never consider witchcraft to be of any God in fear of their own practices sins (Adler, 1997). If Hollywood released a film about a true follower of Wicca and not a romanticized version, would it sell? That is one way to have an audience understand the true meaning of witchcraft without the witchy power jargon to ?spice it up. Being educated about religions not only makes us more tolerant, understanding, and open, it also awakens us to other cultures, countries, and ethnicitys philosophies. Unless the masses are educated that witchcraft is indeed a spiritual religion, the misconceptions will continue (Adler, 1997). Loving and/or Accepting Witches There are many different religions in this world. America itself is a melting pot of ethnicity and diversity. What other country could so readily accept assorted beliefs than the ?home of the free? Religious persecution, emotional or physical, will be a past phenomenon. First, all people must be considered a part of societys whole. When all members of each religion can see the other as equal, all men shall then, and only then, be created equally. When vi ewing a movie or show, it is necessary to understand that the magick portrayed is imaginary. Think about it: black pointy hats, black cats, and brooms are symbols of the myth of witchcraft, just as clouds and fire are representations of Christianity in movies. Understanding that distinction will lead to understanding witchcraft as a true religion and not a fanciful fable. Tolerating Without Condemning WitchcraftPeople in this world are fast to judge. Because the entertainment industry portrays witchcraft in a spell casting, dark, evil way that is what people are likely to believe witchcraft is. It is not some made-up magick, but rather a faith that has been stretched to fascinate people (1999, Pagan Organization of MIT). It is not make-believe, but a real and true religion. ?Paganism is an affirmation of the beauty and sacredness of life on this earth, and of our unity with it? (1999, Pagan Organization of MIT). By understanding and accepting that one religion will look to Mecca, wh ile another prays to God, and another worships Buddha, society will be tolerant and more open minded. Hollywood glamorizes, and people are fast to trust it. Through witchcraft, it can easily be seen that people are quick to believe Hollywood is Religion Essays

Understanding yourself free essay sample

If it feels wrong, dont do it. 2) Say exactly what you mean. 3) Dont be a people pleaser. 4) Trust your Instincts 5) NEVER speak bad about yourself. 6) NEVER give up on your dreams. 7) Dont be afraid to say no. 8) Dont be faded to Sara yes 9) Be kind to yourself. 10) Let go of what you cant control. 1 1) Stay away from drama and negativity. Some folks believe that theres a whole legion of guardian angels with us at all times, eight there by our side every-time a difficult situation some up.They invisibly hold our hands, silently offer us words of comfort make decisions that would be too tough for our mortal souls to handle alone. Dont be surprised if you feel the presence of one of those lovely creatures today cant enjoy what I have If I obsess on what I am missing I know It Is healthy to have dreams to attain and I can have the world If I want It, but I need me to be happy where I am, as take my Journey where I ant me to be. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding yourself or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .. N order to grow Love of a mother. July 23, 2012 at 11:pm Shes sick with worry and the nights still young, Ive only just begun to have my fun, With each tear that falls from her eyes Is a plea to the heavens to keep her loved one alive Tears that I never see because when I walk through the door Shes happy that Im all In one With a warm smile and I love you She tells me the words The bad situations Ive put myself throughI will never understand how she always sees the best in me Even when it seems the world has turned their back on me She carries the weight of the world on her shoulders she still stands strong The love of a mother can never be undone Inspired and dedicated to all the lovely ladies who took part in raising me. I know I was a wild child but its because of all your love that I am still here today and that I am the person I am today. I love you all very much.

The Role of Resocialisation in Society

The Role of Resocialisation in Society Resocialisation can be described as the change of existing social roles with new ones (Ferrante, 2010, p. 139). People are made to adapt to the new roles because of the situations they get themselves in. Socialisation involves making people more aware of their roles in the society. The process of resocialisation occurs in many areas and has both positive and negative outcomes. This paper discusses the process of resocialisation and the ways in which it affects an individual and the society.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Role of Resocialisation in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Resocialisation in Organisations Different organisations have different ways in which they conduct their affairs; most of them have a set of codes and rules, which all those who want to be part of them have to respect. These codes and rules are meant to give an identity to all those who are either active in the organisation or who identify with its ideals. New people who join such organisations are made to observe these rules to enable them to be identified with it (Ferrante, 2010, p. 143). Resocialisation involves making people, who are part of an organisation either willingly or unwillingly, transform their behaviour and personalities to suit their new environment. Organisations work hard to adopt resocialisation to control the level of engagement of the people who are active in them. Pante (2006) reveals that business organisations have codes of conduct, which their employees need to abide by (p. 84). These rules are meant to organise the way work is done with clearly defined roles and responsibilities for each individual. Some students have to balance between working and doing part time jobs while in college. They become resocialised by working so that they can reduce their overdependence on parents. The students are forced to accept their new roles by their parent’s lack of money for their college fees. New members of an organisation are made aware of the new roles they are supposed to assume. They are made to undergo certain procedures, which prepare them for the new roles that they are expected to assume. The resocialisation process helps them to change their behaviour, attitudes and perceptions towards the organisation and the business activities it undertakes (Goffman, 1968, p. 25). This approach makes recruits’ expectations and attitudes suit the environment in which they become part of both in the present and in the future. Organisations have their own internal power and influence, which makes them carry out a set of resocialisation procedures that their members need to conform to.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organisations have different reasons for resocialising their employees. Some organisations are more interested in resocialis ing their members more than others. These organisations are motivated by the need to be seen as strong, attractive and invincible in the societies in which they transact. For instance, legal systems are known for their aggressive approach towards resocialising people who are active in them. Police officers who have just been enrolled must measure up to the highest moral and legal standards to discharge their duties effectively. Law enforcement systems expect their staff to be selfless and diligent to maintain law and order in the society. Students who have to work part time do so willingly. Their resocialisation occurs because they need to earn a living; they are more self driven and is not similar to that the new police recruits undergo. Employees who join an organisation are made aware of the work procedures they are supposed to follow; their resocialisation is more formal and is done to help them settle in their new jobs as quickly as possible. Both employees and organisations de pend on each other mutually for their objectives to succeed. Features of Resocialisation Resocialisation takes place in many forms, which have a big impact on the perceptions, attitudes and behaviour of the people who undergo the process. Some procedures are carried out to shift the loyalties of the person being resocialised to the organisation or group which he or she is about to become part of. Resocialisation is done to make a person have a sense of belonging in the new environment that he lives in. There are various types of procedures that are also carried out during resocialisation; this is done to highlight the significance of the occasion being celebrated (Andersen Taylor, 2006, p. 77). These procedures fascinate the emotional, psychological or religious attitudes of the members of the community or organisation in which the practice is conducted.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Role of Resocialisation in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rituals have a big significance in resocialisation. Some communities carry out rituals because they are able to appease themselves through their religious practices and beliefs. For example, Native Americans use psychoactive substances to help them reconnect with their ancestors after several centuries of the Whites dominating them. These rituals are a form of resocialisation because through them the Native Americans identify their shared ancestry, traditions and kinship in the community where they live (Zimmerman, 2003, p. 87). Native Americans had been banned from carrying out these rituals when the US society was still dominated by white supremacy ideologies. The rituals serve as a bridge between them and their past, which they still cherish and want to keep alive. Ceremonies in different communities and organisations also play a crucial role in resocialisation. These ceremonies serve as procedures through which new participants are made to understand the new roles they are supposed to perform in their new environments. For instance, weddings are public resocialisation ceremonies, which prepare the bride and the groom for the new responsibilities taken up by the husband and his wife (Newman Grauerholz, 2002, p. 234). The internship processes in organisations resocialise new employees to be conversant with the work procedures they are supposed to perform at their work stations. Internships help the new graduates to acquire important skills, which they need to perform their duties. Initiations in some communities and organisations are carried out as rites of passage or as tests. For instance, many communities in Africa use circumcision and other forms of initiation as a rite of passage for their young people into adulthood. These young people are resocialised to perform the new roles that adults perform within a particular community. After initiation, some of these young people get married, move out of their pa rents’ homes or carry out the tasks that adults are expected to perform. Mavundla (2009) reveals that they do this to conform to the roles and responsibilities the society expects them to assume (p. 396). Resocialisation gives them the courage to withstand pressures of life that they will face as adults in the future. Besides initiation, there are also other forms of resocialisation that people have to undergo to join criminal, terrorist or secretive groups. Gangs use violence to initiate new members into their ranks. For instance, these new members are made to withstand lashings, rape or beatings to become part of these gangs.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dahl (2004) states that some members are forced to kill or maim other people for them to be become new members of a gang (p. 8). Therapy centres use various methods to resocialise drug and alcohol addicts to reduce their dependence on the substances that bind them. The addicts are resocialised to reform their compulsive instincts and accept other rewarding and more beneficial pursuits. Coping With Resocialisation Various resocialisation programs have objectives that they seek to achieve. Formal resocialisation programs encourage people to change their behaviours for them to be able to cope with life’s challenges. Prison systems are tough and many people in the society find it difficult to cope in them. Some prisoners cope with the harsh environment without difficulty; consequently, other criminals commit more serious crimes after leaving prison. Other inmates have strong networks in prisons, which protect them from other rival groups (Brym Lie, 2009, p. 77). Some prisons are controlled by criminal gangs who operate illegal businesses within them to retain their autonomy. The members of the gangs commit serious crimes in prison such as murder, rape, assault and extortion. They violate the rules without worrying about the consequences that they are likely to face. Jews who were confined in Nazi concentration camps faced a lot of problems. Together with Gypsies, they were abused, killed and overworked by the Nazi forces who wanted to destroy them. They were resocialised to feel that they are inferior to other races in Europe. The harsh treatment and servitude they were subjected to while in labour camps made them feel unwanted. They understood that their fate was sealed and they had little chance of getting out of the concentration camps alive. The concentration camps strengthened their will to survive (Bartrop Jacobs, 2010, p. 12). They held on to their traditional beliefs and religious practices, but did so in secret. As a result, they were able to ret ain their autonomy. People who have experienced difficult episodes in their lives are able to cope in an environment that encourages sharing and healing. People who have been victims of violence or child abuse need to be resocialised to understand that the pain they suffer is not of their own making. Levers (2012) argues that effective counselling programs help such victims to cope with their dark past and move on to a more promising future (p. 87). For instance, teenagers who are victims of parental abuse are easily lured to join criminal gangs. They mistake the bond they have with their fellow gang members for love. However, after some time, some of the youth in the gang may choose an alternative lifestyle that is free from crime. The young people stop associating with gangs and choose to go back to school to get a good education. For that reason, they retain their autonomy by being brave enough to make positive choices. Drug and substance addicts can cope with resocialisation in different ways. Their dependence on the substances drives them to seek an alternative lifestyle away from their destructive habits. For instance, they begin to get resocialised by undergoing rehabilitative programs, which help them to overcome their addictions (Levers, 2012, p. 93). They are able to regain their autonomy by reducing their dependence on the substances they consume. Former drug addicts can have difficulties in coping; for instance, they can be drawn back to the dangerous lifestyle they have been used to as a result of their failure to handle the rehabilitation. They retain their autonomy by continuing to take drugs. This is contrary to what they have been taught in rehabilitation centres. In conclusion, resocialisation occurs in many forms in the society. It can have positive or negative consequences for people who experience it. References Andersen, M. L., Taylor, H. F. (2006). Sociology: Understanding a diverse society with infotrac. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Ba rtrop, P.R., Jacobs, S.L. (2010). Fifty key thinkers on the holocaust and genocide. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Brym, R. J. Lie, J. (2009). Sociology: Your compass for a new world. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Dahl, R. E. (2004). Adolescent brain development: Vulnerabilities and opportunities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 1-22. Ferrante, J. (2010). Sociology: A global perspective, enhanced. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Goffman, E. (1968). Asylums. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Lazarus, L. (2004). Contrasting prisoners’ rights: A comparative examination of Germany and England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Levers, L. L. (2012). Trauma counselling: Theories and interventions. New York, NY: Springer. Mavundla, T. R. (2009). Rationalization of indigenous male circumcision as a sacred religious custom: Health beliefs of Xhosa men in South Africa. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 20(4), 395-404. Newman, D. M., Grauerholz, E. (2002). Sociology of famil ies. New York, NY: Pine Forge Press. Pante, S. (2006). Cliffs test prep praxis II: Social studies content knowledge test (0081). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Zimmerman, L. J. (2003). American Indians: The first nations: Native North American life, myth and art. London: Duncan Baird.

Hypoxia and Aviation

Hypoxia and Aviation Introduction The paper presents a review, analysis and a study on hypoxia faced by pilots at higher altitudes. The problems faced by pilots of commercial flights and the ways and means of dealing with them with the use of technology used in military planes will be the point of discussion and focus.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Hypoxia and Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The usage of technology that minimize the conditions of hypoxia at higher altitudes and reduction of its negative effects on pilots who deal with the decision-making process while flying will be analyzed, and recommendations will be given. Literature Review Hypoxia and Flying One of the foremost things of the primary requirements of humans is air. The lack of air, most specifically oxygen leads to hypoxia. Initially, hypoxia has been reported at high altitudes on mountains by mountaineers and after the invention of aero planes, the p ilots and flight attendants are experiencing the effects of hypoxia and are feeling stressed. This can be termed as ‘decompression sickness’ (Aronson K.S; 1991, 26) and has been first recognized or occurred in 1841. According to Aronson K.S (1991, 26) French mining engineer M. Triger ‘noticed symptoms experienced by miners after working in deep mine shafts’ (Aronson K.S; 1991, 26). Number of workers had been prone to joint pains and became vulnerable to paralysis. However, the same sickness can be felt in a reverse manner, which can be known as hypoxia, when pilots fly in the air in a plane. While they fly in the air, they experience decompressed air and don’t have enough oxygen in the air, they breathe that is required for normal metabolic activities of the body. Though the effects of hypoxia are not the same in different pilots, but it cannot be ignored as the effects are noticeable. In this regard, Aronson K.S (1991, 26-27) mentions about Paul Ber t who is famous with the name ‘father of altitude physiology’. As per the information provided about Paul Bert’s observations, though the commercial flights flying at a height of around 20,000 feet, with the pressurized atmosphere, still there is a lack of pressure of oxygen as the pressurization is only enough if the aircraft flies at 8,000 feet. That means the commercial aircrafts are flying at a height of around 20,000 feet with the pressurized atmosphere that suits the altitude of 8,000 feet, which results in hypoxia in pilots and flight attendants.Advertising Looking for assessment on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Aronson K.S (1991, 28) explains that when one goes to 18,000 feet above the sea level, the atmospheric pressure will be reduced to half of the standard pressure of one atmosphere. That means the oxygen availability also decreases by half of the amount that is ava ilable at the normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. Consequently, the pilots and flight attendants who face this situation almost daily suffer from hypoxia (Aronson K.S: 1991, 25-28).1 Thus, pilots and flight attendants are mostly associated with hypoxia. Though the commercial air craft cabins do have enough induced pressure for the safety and health of passengers and crew, the hypoxia depends on altitude. According to Sharma L (2007), at an altitude of 8,000 feet, people in flight may experience mild hypoxia (Sharma L; 2007), even in the presence of the pressurized atmosphere. That means the pressurized atmosphere is lacking oxygen, and it is necessary to pressurize the flight interiors with oxygen. Exposure to hypoxia can be considered into two categories. Simply being exposed to hypoxia and working in the atmosphere of hypoxia. Pilots and flight attendants do work in the hypoxia atmosphere, and it may result in headache and loss of memory, which may affect future working stat us of pilots. The hypoxia may lead to stress, headache, backache, disturbed sleep, hearing problems and so on. Hence, ‘the nature and extent of physical/physiological problems and discomforts experienced by pilots’ (Sharma L; 2007) need to be examined, and a study is necessary to decide on the cause for the problems and difference from the normal state they are facing while in and after the flying hours. It is necessary to know about the variation of effects of hypoxia if any on the persons depending on their age and sex. As the effects of hypoxia may or may not present for a long-time, it is necessary to conduct tests on the pilots regarding hypoxia for each flight or in some airlines, they test pilots for the effects of hypoxia before each flight (Sharma L: 2007)2 so that necessary medication could be given.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Hypoxia and Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How ever, according to Good W.A (1991, 104) the performance of the pilots might be degraded with ‘both prescribed and over the counter medications as well as by the medical conditions for which they are taken’ (Good W.A; 1991, 104). Normally, the medicines of hypoxia are sedative, tranquilizer or antihistamine. These medicines make a pilot ‘much more susceptible to hypoxia’ (Good W.A; 1991, 104) and hence it is necessary for the pilots to minimize the use of over the counter medicines. In addition to the above precautions alcohol can impair the pilot even many hours after its consumption and digestion due to hangover. The impairment of pilot may cause flight accidents and some of the major accidents give ground to the argument that hypoxia may be the reason for the inability that caused the accident. For example, two accidents at Dallas and Fort Worth involving Delta Airlines alongside the accident in Denver by the flight of continental airlines proved that the pilots are the cause for the fatal happening, and hypoxia may be the reason for it. Another accident in Washington DC due to Air Florida flight, alongside the crash of North West flight in Detroit could be some more examples, where pilots are blamed for the happenings, and hypoxia may be a cause for it. Hence, one cannot rule out the role of hypoxia in flight crashes as it impairs the pilots’ ability to deal with the situation (Good W.A: 1991, 104-105).3 Pressurized Atmosphere and Hypoxia As hypoxia affects the ability of the pilot to deal with the adverse situations, modern aircraft are capable of operating at very high altitudes. The capability is due to the attempt to prevent hypoxia with the pressurized atmosphere. However, due to any unforeseen circumstances as if ‘sudden loss of cockpit pressure presents a life threatening hypoxia situation, requires an immediate response’ (Lindeis A.E, Fraser W.D Fowler B; 1997). To deal with the above-mentioned situatio ns of rapid decompression situations that lead to hypoxia, the modern military aircrafts are having a system that gets the plane down to deal with the decompression and can be provided for commercial aircrafts also in the future.Advertising Looking for assessment on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The rapid get down of the plan in the condition of decompression is to minimize the effect of or slow down the onset of hypoxia by descending to a safe altitude, where the decompression at higher altitude could be controlled. To do this with commercial aircrafts also, a series of experiments had been done to reduce the impairment of pilot performance due to rapid de-compression. However, there exists severe hurdle to these experiments as to measure the performance of a pilot in these circumstances is very difficult as it depends on physiological state of the pilot. To minimize the physiological problems of pilots, the system has two features. One is related to breathing and another to put enough pressure on the body. The breathing system is known as positive-pressure breathing (PPB) through a mask. The second feature that consists of a jerkin with inflatable bladders puts pressure on limbs, chest, lungs and abdomen thus minimizing the effect of decompression or hypoxia. The PPB is t o delay the collapse of blood circulation system and hypoxia as well. The main hurdle to extend the usage of this system to commercial flights also is because it is necessary to provide these suits and masks to all the passengers, which is commercially not viable. However, the present review is regarding the effect of hypoxia on pilots, its consequences and ways and means of minimizing or avoiding it, the ‘first aim of the experiments was to determine the degree of performance impairment under rapid decompression and the extent the PPB can help in reducing it. The hypoxia may result in affecting the ‘visual serial choice reaction time (SCRT) task of the pilots, which may prove fatal and thus immediate reduction of hypoxia is necessary to avoid accidents in commercial planes. In addition to that Lindeis A.E, Fraser W.D Fowler B (1997) explains that the possible causes of performance deficit indicate hypoxia as it decreases the arterial blood oxygen saturation. This decre ase in saturation may result in slowing of reaction time for pilots and may result in accidents. Hence, hypoxia and its effects are to be studied to provide more comfortable and safety measures for pilots to reduce the contexts of performance deficits while flying (Lindeis A.E, Fraser W.D Fowler B: 1997).4 Conclusion: The literature review concludes that the hypoxia results in impairment of the pilot and may affect his/her decision making capability. Hence, it is necessary to contemplate about the safety measures that avoid the effects of hypoxia on pilots and minimize the negative effects on decision making capability. Methodology The methodology involved in this paper is a qualitative analysis of the topic with the help of available literature. The analysis has been supported by literature review, which provided enough background for the aspects that should be considered during analysis. The review starts from finding of effects of hypoxia to the effects of it on pilots and fligh t attendants and the measures that need to be taken to minimize or reduce it. The technology that helps in minimizing the effect of hypoxia and the possibility of usage of it has been reviewed, and the analysis will take place according to the aspects and conclusion of the review and as per the necessities of pilots, which help in reducing flight mishaps and improve air safety. Analysis/Discussion As far as the effects of hypoxia are considered, the ‘provision of the pilot against high sustained accelerations, against hypoxia’ (AEAT; 1993, 2) needs to be considered. The decompression effects at high altitude could be minimized by the technology that provides breathing gas. The breathing air can be provided from ‘engine bleed air. To do this, ‘molecular sieve oxygen generator, which works on pressure breathing on exposure to acceleration( (AEAT; 1993, 2) is necessary as it provides not only oxygen necessary to breathe comfortably but also the minimum pressure necessary for the body to be normal at high altitudes, which result in decompression. That means to avoid the state of decompression and lung collapse; there should be a system in the cabin that provides pressure and oxygen respectively. To do so, protective garments are necessary as the mask provides oxygen for lungs and garment exerts enough pressure on the body in a decompressed atmosphere. In addition to that it is necessary to provide inward relief to the pilots as they experience suffocation due to lack of supply of oxygen. The cabin and other places in an aircraft need to have systems to replenish the back-up oxygen in case of decompression emergencies as the pilots may not take the right decision while they suffocate. The commercial plane makers can take a cue from the systems in war planes that provide ‘higher degree of protection and mobility’ (AEAT; 1993, 3) for the pilots. In this regard AEAT (1993, 3) explains about liquid conditioning to full coverage ant i g trousers, necessary for the pilots to face decompressed and hypoxia situations. However, the system and the garments provided to the pilots should be selected and made after taking into consideration functional characteristics. They are ‘operational life support, operational escape and survival, and personal’ (AEAT; 1993, 3). The operational life support should enable the pilot to take decisions regarding flight safety, which means the safety of passengers alongside self. The operational escape survival should consider the aspects that help the flight crew and passengers to escape in case of emergency. However, in commercial flights, operational life support is necessary as it is difficult to train the passengers regarding escape and survival attempts. However, operational life support equipment could be provided so that it could help the passengers also in the case of emergency. However, as the paper is about hypoxia and its effects on pilots and their decision mak ing, the operational life support for the pilots is of utmost importance. The oxygen masks and pressure breathing garments can provide with the necessary operational life support necessary in the case of decompression and hypoxia faced by the pilots (AEAT: 1993, 1-3).5 This is due to the fact that at high altitudes, ‘the human body experiences hypoxia when it tries to adapt to lower atmospheric pressure and reduced oxygen level as well’ (Penetar D.M, Friedl K.E; 2004, 272). This results in increased heart rate, cardiac output and respiration rate as it is necessary to ensure sufficient supply of oxygen to the body parts. To ensure that supply the above-mentioned activities will increase, and they return to the normal when the atmospheric pressure returns to normal. The changes in respiration, heart output and blood circulation result in change in the mood and it affects the physical and mental performance of the pilots. Hence, the safety measures and systems that are to be included in the flights should work in a manner to normalize the above mentioned increased activities. The increased heart output and blood pressure also results in a decrease of endurance of the body, and the consequence is the need of exercise performance. The decrease of endurance decreases the situation that allows to work and yet times may demand the days and weeks of exposure to enough oxygen. Hence, after every flight, it is necessary to examine the pilots for the status of endurance, physical fitness and mental stability as well. If this can be seen as an exaggerated response, they should be checked for the above features once in a stipulated period of time. This is because, Penetar D.M, Friedl K.E (2005, 273) explains that psychomotor performance would be degraded with the ascent of altitudes above 4,300 meters, and the accuracy of the decision-making process would be impaired. Penetar D.M et al (2005) further continues that there would be a delay in reaction and signif icant impairment of cognitive performance, which is necessary for the pilots while taking decisions during flight. One measure that can be taken to reduce hypoxia though not up to the desired extent is not to ascend rapidly to altitudes above 1,800 meters (6000 feet) as that may put the individuals at risk and if the pilots are put at risk whole flight will be at risk. Hence, the intensity of effect of hypoxia depends on rapidness in the initial ascent, and if it could be reduced the intensity of the effect of hypoxia also could be reduced. As a result, alongside the systems that deal with decompression and lack of oxygen, the rules and regulations should stipulate the slow ascent to delay and minimize the effects of decompression and hypoxia. Penetar D.M, Friedl K.E (2005, 274) further explains that aviation equipment needs to be designed to provide enough haemoglobin saturation to pilots. This could be helpful in hypoxic environment and these systems are widely used only in milita ry planes, but not in commercial flights. Hence, these systems need to be modified according to the usage of commercial flights and offered to the pilots so that they could deal with hypoxic conditions successfully and this also helps them to remain fit even after continuous and frequent exposure to hypoxic conditions. The systems that deal with decompression sickness also should be considered as ‘Air Force over the past 20 years, with thousands of simulated altitude exposures revealed a 41 percent incidence of decompression symptoms’ (Penetar D.M, Friedl K.E: 2005, 272-275).6 Conclusion The hypoxia is the worst situation that any pilot can face while flying and can be considered as a major concern in aviation industry. As the safety of the passengers depends on the decision making capability and physiological condition of the pilot and flight attendants, it is necessary to have systems that deal with hypoxia and decompressed atmosphere. The systems should provide opera tional life support to enable the pilot to perform the duties in conditions of decompression and hypoxia. The review and analysis concluded on the facts of development of systems that provide oxygen and pressure as well in the high altitudes for pilots. Recommendations It is necessary to provide oxygen and pressure in the cabin of the pilots to increase their decreased endurance due to decompression and hypoxia. To deal with hypoxia, the systems should provide oxygen for breathing. To deal with the decompressed atmosphere, the systems should provide pressure in the cabin so that the pilots can work in normal atmospheric pressure conditions. It is necessary to examine the pilots for their physiological conditions once in a stipulated period to find the negative effects of hypoxia on them if any. There should be institutional arrangements in aviation industry to deal with the decreased physical endurance of pilots. Reference List AEAT. (1993). SAFE Europe Symposium 1993. Aircraft En gineering and Aerospace Technology. 66 (1). Pp.2-4. Aronson K.S. (1991). Flight: The Physiological Stresses. In Sheila R. Deitz and William E. Thoms, eds., Pilots, Personality, and Performance: Human Behavior and Stress in the Skies. New York: Quorum Books. Pp. 25-28. Good W.A. (1991). The Post-Deregulation Pilot Job Market: Pilot Error or Personnel Economics?. In Sheila R. Deitz and William E. Thoms, eds., Pilots, Personality, and Performance: Human Behaviour and Stress in the Skies. New York: Quorum Books. Pp.104-105. Lindeis A.E, Fraser W.D Fowler B. (1997). Performance during Positive Pressure Breathing after rapid decompression up to 72000 feet. Human Factors. 39(1). Penetar D.M, Friedl K.E. (2004). The Physiology of Performance, Stress and Readiness, in James W. Ness, Victoria Tepe, and Darren R. Ritzer (ed.) The Science and Simulation of Human Performance: Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering Research. Volume 5. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp.267-305 Sharma L. (2007). Lifestyles, Flying and Associated Health Problems in Flight Attendants. Perspectives in Public Health. 127(6). Footnotes 1 Aronson K.S. (1991). Flight: The Physiological Stresses. In Sheila R. Deitz and William E. Thoms, eds., Pilots, Personality, and Performance: Human Behavior and Stress in the Skies. New York: Quorum Books. P. 25-28. 2 Sharma L. (2007). Lifestyles, Flying and Associated Health Problems in Flight Attendants. Perspectives in Public Health. 127(6). 3 Good W.A. (1991). The Post-Deregulation Pilot Job Market: Pilot Error or Personnel Economics?. In Sheila R. Deitz and William E. Thoms, eds., Pilots, Personality, and Performance: Human Behaviour and Stress in the Skies. New York: Quorum Books. P.104-105. 4 Lindeis A.E, Fraser W.D Fowler B. (1997). Performance during Positive Pressure Breathing after rapid decompression up to 72000 feet. Human Factors. 39(1). 5 AEAT. (1993). SAFE Europe Symposium 1993. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology. 6 6(1). Pp.2-4. 6 Penetar D.M, Friedl K.E. (2004). The Physiology of Performance, Stress and Readiness, in James W. Ness, Victoria Tepe, and Darren R. Ritzer (ed.) The Science and Simulation of Human Performance (Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering Research, Volume 5). Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.267-305

Career Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Career Research - Essay Example Aside from regular record keeping, being the contact person with insurance companies, and preparing patients for an exam, the medical assistant can also be of minor help to the doctor during simple clinical procedures. The job requirements for a medical assistant is not as stringent as one might believe. It only requires a 2-year degree and some previous work experience in order to get started. It is said that there will be a tremendous job growth in the area according to the Bureau of Labot Statistics due to the increase in the number of doctors and practical nurses. Therefore, being a medical assistant can turn out to be lucrative career for those involved in it in the future. I am looking forward to discussing my application further with you at your most convenient time. You may contact me in through my mobile phone at 123456789 or via email at web@next.net. I will also make a follow up call to your company next Wednesday regarding my